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Written by Courtney Peterson, BCBA, LBA, Rivermont School Lynchburg North 

In the school setting, challenging behaviors can disrupt learning and create frustration for both students and teachers. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) offers a research-based approach to understanding why behaviors occur. One of the most effective tools for this is Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)—a process used to determine the function (or purpose) of a student's behavior. 

What Is a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)? 

An FBA is a systematic approach to identifying the why behind a behavior. It involves gathering information about when, where, and under what conditions a behavior occurs, allowing educators and behavior analysts to develop interventions that directly address the root cause. 

Common Functions of Behavior 

In ABA, behavior is typically categorized into one of four primary functions: 

1. Attention – The student engages in behavior to gain attention from teachers, peers, or staff (e.g., calling out in class).
2. Escape or Avoidance – The behavior helps the student get out of an undesired task or situation (e.g., refusing to complete assignments).
3. Access to Tangibles – The student behaves in a way that results in access to a preferred item or activity (e.g., tantrums when denied a toy).
4. Automatic (Sensory) Reinforcement – The behavior itself is reinforcing and occurs independently of social interactions (e.g., hand-flapping or rocking). 

The Functional Assessment Process 

Conducting an FBA involves three key steps: 

1. Indirect Assessment – Interviews with teachers, staff, and sometimes parents help gather background information. Questionnaires and behavior rating scales may also be used.
2. Direct Observation – The student’s behavior is observed in the natural environment to track patterns, triggers, and consequences. Data collection methods, such as ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) recording, help identify trends.
3. Functional Analysis (if needed) – In some cases, behavior analysts may conduct controlled experiments to test hypotheses about the behavior’s function by manipulating environmental variables. 

Why FBAs Are Essential in Schools 

An FBA helps educators move away from reactive discipline and instead implement proactive, evidence-based interventions. For example, if a student’s disruptive behavior is driven by a need for attention, the solution isn’t punishment but teaching alternative ways to seek attention appropriately (e.g., raising a hand or using a communication system). 

By using FBAs to guide behavior intervention plans (BIPs), schools can foster a more supportive, inclusive, and structured learning environment. This approach not only reduces problem behaviors but also helps students develop skills that promote long-term success. 

To learn more about FBA at Rivermont Schools, a Board-Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) is the best person to contact or explore ABA-based resources for effective classroom strategies.